{"id":117743,"date":"2025-12-30T09:18:58","date_gmt":"2025-12-30T09:18:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/worldofculture2020.com\/?p=117743"},"modified":"2025-12-30T09:18:58","modified_gmt":"2025-12-30T09:18:58","slug":"%d9%82%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%af-%d9%81%d9%87%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d9%88%d8%a2%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/worldofculture2020.com\/?p=117743","title":{"rendered":"\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.. \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 “\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u061f”\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a: “\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627\u061f”. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0640 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0646\u0636\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/p>\n

1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Objectivity) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0645\u062d \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0623\u0646 “\u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627”\u00b9\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0648\u063a \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n

1.2. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0640 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0640 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644 (Methodological Objectivity). \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0641\u062d\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632:<\/p>\n

1- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631: \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646.
\n2- \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645: \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e. \u0641\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646” \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u00b2.
\n3- \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0635\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629: \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647 (\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a…)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0634: “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627”\u00b3.
\n4- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c: \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0645\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

1.3. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f (Neutrality)\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 (Fairness) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a:<\/p>\n

(1) \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0647.
\n(2) \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0631\u0629 (Demonization) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 (Hagiography)\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642.
\n(3) \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c<\/strong><\/em> \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0624\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

2. \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0641\u0643 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n

2.1. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u061f<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a (Historical Context) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u063a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0632\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a: “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649”\u0664. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629” (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b) \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631” (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644).<\/p>\n

2.2. \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a: \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629…)\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629.
\n\u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 (\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0641\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629)\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a. \u0641\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629.
\n\u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a: \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 (\u0643\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641)\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.
\n\u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644.<\/p>\n

2.3. \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 (Anachronism)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n

\u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 “\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629” \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629.
\n\u00b7 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0648\u064f\u0636\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n

3. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631: \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n

3.1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 (\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629…)\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0634\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n

(1) \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u061f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u0629. \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u064b\u0627.
\n(2) \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u064a\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647 (\u062a\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628).
\n(3) \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629: \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064f\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064f\u0642\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a.<\/p>\n

3.2. \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a (\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f): \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

(1) \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u061f (\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b). \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637\u061f
\n(2) \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627\u061f \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e)\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0642\u0637\u061f \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 (Textual Criticism).<\/p>\n

\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a (\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646): \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0628\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

(1) \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629: \u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b\u061f (\u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0647\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u061f).
\n(2) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629: \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u061f \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u061f \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0647\u061f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629.
\n(3) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629: \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u061f \u0641\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629” \u0623\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629” \u0623\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629” \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n

3.3. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n

(1) \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631.
\n(2) \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.
\n(3) \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 (\u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0629).
\n(4) \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a (Stories) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e (History).<\/p>\n

4. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n

4.1. \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 (\u0643\u0640 “\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629”\u060c “\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629”\u060c “\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629”) \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641) \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631”\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

4.2. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629:<\/p>\n

(1) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.
\n(2) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.
\n(3) \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629: \u064a\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627.
\n(4) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a: \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b.<\/p>\n

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4.3. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

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\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644: \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00b9 Ranke, Leopold von. Geschichten der romanischen und germanischen V\u00f6lker von 1494 bis 1514. Vorrede zur ersten Ausgabe, 1824.
\n\u00b2 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632:Bloch, Marc. Apologie pour l’histoire ou M\u00e9tier d’historien. Armand Colin, 1949, p. 102. (\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2007\u060c \u0635 135).
\n\u0663 Tosh,John. The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of Modern History. 6th ed., Routledge, 2015, p. 132. (\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e: \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 2018\u060c \u0635 178).
\n\u0664 Braudel,Fernand. \u00c9crits sur l’histoire. Flammarion, 1969, p. 11. (\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1993\u060c \u0635 23).
\n\u0665 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1980\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u0635 120-145. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u062f. \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 1992\u060c \u0635 75-130.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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